Legacy methods of lithium extraction
Lithium extraction has traditionally been associated with high carbon footprint when extracted from hard rock sources, and high water footprint when extracted from brines. Both methods are known to be very resource intensive.

Legacy methods of lithium extraction
Lithium extraction has traditionally been associated with high carbon footprint when extracted from hard rock sources, and high water footprint when extracted from brines. Both methods are known to be very resource intensive.

Extraction from hard rock
Whilst multiple companies are attempting to decarbonise the supply chain, hard rock mining lithium minerals is currently a high energy process. The minerals are usually mined at around 1% Li2O, meaning that 99% of the mined material is waste. The ore is concentrated to around 5-6% Li2O, before being transported long distances to refineries which are usually in China. This means that around 94-95% of the shipped material is usually waste. The refinery uses a roasting process, which uses large amounts of fossil fuels to produce lithium hydroxide.

Operating in the Upper Rhine Valley Regional Development Locations.
The Upper Rhine Valley region is in a particularly advantageous geological location: at a depth of around 3,600 meters, there is huge energy potential in the form of thermal water. Only a few regions in Germany offer such favorable conditions for the generation of geothermal energy.
Focus Europe.

Europe’s need for lithium
Europe’s transportation sector is changing, and electric vehicle sales are experiencing dynamic development: From 2035, all new cars and vans registered in the European Union are set to be zero emission.
This transition to carbon neutral transportation means Europe is increasing its production capacity for lithium-ion batteries, with direct implications on the demand for lithium:
- As 2035 approaches, Europe’s need for lithium hydroxide will increase to meet the demand from European automotive companies.
- Zero local supply of lithium hydroxide: 80% reliant on China.
- The current lithium supply is CO2 intensive but western automakers want low carbon sources. Vulcan’s Zero Carbon Lithium™ Project is aiming to reduce this heavy reliance on China for the supply of battery-grade lithium compound.

Facts about the European market
Europe is the fastest growing electric vehicle manufacturing market in the world. It is exponentially increasing its domestic lithium-ion battery production capacity to meet this demand, making it also the fastest growing lithium market in the world. Predictions indicate Europe will need more than twice of what the entire global market produces today.
Strategically placed in the heart of the European electric vehicle market also gives Vulcan significant sustainable advantages:
- The European Commission has called for all electric vehicles to have a certificate indicating the total greenhouse gas emissions the vehicle produces.
- The European Commission requires ‘CO2 Passports’ for all electric vehicles, detailing their full CO2 impact whereby Volkswagen, Stellantis and other European automakers are placing greater emphasis on creating a carbon neutral supply chain for their cars.
- The current lithium supply chain does not cater for low carbon production processes. The Zero Carbon Lithium™ Project fills these gaps in the market and enables Vulcan to make a significant contribution to Europe’s objective of reaching net zero emissions by 2050.
Legacy methods of lithium extraction
Lithium extraction has traditionally been associated with high carbon footprint when extracted from hard rock sources, and high water footprint when extracted from brines. Both methods are known to be very resource intensive.


Extraction from hard rock
Whilst multiple companies are attempting to decarbonise the supply chain, hard rock mining lithium minerals is currently a high energy process. The minerals are usually mined at around 1% Li2O, meaning that 99% of the mined material is waste. The ore is concentrated to around 5-6% Li2O, before being transported long distances to refineries which are usually in China. This means that around 94-95% of the shipped material is usually waste. The refinery uses a roasting process, which uses large amounts of fossil fuels to produce lithium hydroxide.

29 July 2022 AlsterResearch
Increasing positive momentum at local level, drilling to start soon
“Vulcan Energy Resources is experiencing an increasing positive momentum of the political backing, as Germany’s high dependence on Russian gas produces a more favorable climate towards geothermal energy.
This week, Vulcan Energy Resources has received approval for its 3D seismic program from eight local councils within its license area in Rhineland-Palatine. Also, the company is making progress on developing the Taro license, while adding additional exploration licenses to its portfolio. The favorable political environment should continue to provide tailwinds.”

24 June 2022 AlsterResearch
Stellantis takes share in Vulcan, growing political backing – BUY
“Stellantis is taking an 8% share in Vulcan by an equity investment of AUD 76m (EUR 50m) for new shares. The carmaker already signed an offtake agreement with Vulcan last November. In our view, the Stellantis investment marks a major accolade and important signal that strongly supports the business case. In fact, there aren’t many disclosed investments by carmakers into lithium projects, apart from General Motors in CTR’s Hell’s Kitchen project in the US. The political backing, as just concluded in Landau was already overdue in the context of national decarbonization plans and the current energy crisis related to imports from Russia. We confirm our PT with AUD 20.00, equivalent to EUR 13.11 and reiterate to BUY.”

10 March 2022 AlsterResearch
Energy Crisis Underpins Vulcan’s Business Model – BUY
“With the Russian war against Ukraine and the associated sanctions, some of the economic consequences of this war are immediate, as certain metals like aluminum, nickel and palladium, but also crude oil and natural gas have seen steep price increases since the start of the war. Much likely, the push into renewable energies is about to accelerate as energy policy is reevaluated. Going in the same direction, the Fraunhofer Institute sees geothermal energy as a viable substitute for fossil energy sources and recommends action by policymakers and industry for an accelerated penetration. Overall, we expect the conditions for Vulcan to receive a further impetus not only due to the conflict, but also due to the fulfillment of climate targets. We confirm our PT with AUD 20.00, equivalent to EUR 13.22. We reiterate to BUY“

15 February 2022 AlsterResearch
Dual Listing On FSE, Trading Commenced – BUY
“Vulcan received approval from the Ba Fin, the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority to dual list on the Prime Standard of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FSE). Trading commenced today on 15 February 2022. By committing to higher transparency standards, Vulcan is gearing up for larger investors with stricter guidelines, which we view as a positive signal to the market and the equity story as a whole.”

2 February 2022 AlsterResearch
Finalized Agreement With LG Energy, Dual Listing Ahead – BUY
“Vulcan has finalized its agreement with LG Energy Solutions (LGES), the world’s second-largest batteyr maker after China’s CATL. According to the definitive offtake agreement, LGES will purchase between 41,000 to 50,000t of battery grade lithium chemicals over initially 5 years, with a start of commercial delivery set for 2025.”

14 January 2022 AlsterResearch
Adding More Quality To The Project, BUY Confirmed
“Vulcan continues to deliver positive news flow, thus showing promising progress of its Zero Carbon Lithium project. Vulcan is partnering with Nobian, a leading European chlor-alkali producer. In a multi-phased agreement, both companies will assess the development and the subsequent joint operation of the CLP (Central Lithium Plant). In our view, Nobian’s experience and expertise will deliver a positive contribution to Vulcan’s ambitions for a commercial lithium production and thereby further lower the risk profile.”

10 December 2021 AlsterResearch
Once An Exploration Company, Now An Incumbent Operator; PT Raised, Remains BUY
“1 January 2022 marks a fundamental transition of Vulcan. The company will take over the operational geothermal plant in Insheim, Germany. Vulcan will be an incumbent operator, producing renewable power for approximately 8,000 households. Moreover, from now on, there is virutally no risk anymore that Vulcan could be circumvented by potential competitors when it comes to lithium production in the Upper Rhine Valley, as Vulcan has underpinned its indispensable role on the path to commercial lithium extraction.”

29 October 2021 AlsterResearch
Concerns in Short-Seller Report seem Unfounded; PT Confirmed, BUY
“We see nothing new in the accusations and confirm our view: Vulcan Energy provides a rare opportunity to benefit from the strongly growing lithium growth trajectory and, by the same token, to participate in a porject directly located in Germany, a heartland of automotive industry. We confirm our PT of AUD22.00, equivalent to EUR14.21, and reiterate our BUY recommendation. Upside 76%.”

Alternatives now.
Why we need environmentally friendly and net zero carbon lithium extraction
Conventional methods of lithium extraction place a significant strain on the environment. Depending on the process, the CO₂ footprint and water consumption are immense. The large amount of land required is also a burden on the environment and raises social issues in the mining countries. Unlike conventional lithium mining, Vulcan’s Zero Carbon Lithium™ Project does not use fossil fuels in the lithium production and processing exercise and is environmentally, as well as socially responsible due to very low water consumption and land use.
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Usage of Evaporation Ponds.
Lithium extraction has traditionally been associated with high carbon footprint when extracted from hard rock sources, and high water footprint when extracted from brines. Lithium extraction from brines evaporates large quantities of water in some of the driest places on earth. It also has a significant CO2 footprint, through large use of chemical reagents.

Extraction from Hard Rock.
Whilst multiple companies are attempting to decarbonise the supply chain, hard rock mining lithium minerals is currently a high energy process. The minerals are usually mined at around 1% Li2O, meaning that 99% of the mined material is waste. The ore is concentrated to around 5-6% Li2O, before being transported long distances to refineries which are usually in China. This means that around 94-95% of the shipped material is usually waste. The refinery uses a roasting process, which uses large amounts of fossil fuels to produce lithium hydroxide.

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